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Grand Rapids Ostomy Association
Helping People with Ostomies and Alternate Surgeries in Southwest Michigan
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Face Plate molded rubber or plastic component of a two-piece reusable pouch system. The face plate fits around the stoma next to the skin.
Familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited condition; the condition is transmitted through a non-sex-linked, autosomal dominant mendelian gene. Recently the abnormality was found to exist on chromosome 5, resulting in generalized cellular growth disorder. This disorder dictates the development of benign and malignant lesions in different body organs.The disease develops in approximately 50% of the offspring of the affected parent. Although rare, occurring at a frequency of 1/24,000 births. FAP is the most common of polyposis syndromes. It has been reported in white, Oriental, Arab, American Indian, and African and American black persons.
Familial Polyposis (multiple polyps) / rare disease; runs in families. The colon and rectum contain many polyps. This is a different condition from merely the presence of a small number of polyps in the colon. Familial polyposis requires regular medical supervision of all members of the family because of serious complications and strong tendency to malignancy.
Feces excrement, stool, bowel movement.
Fistula an abnormal passage between two internal organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body. A rectal fistula usually forms between the skin around the rectum and the rectum itself. A symptom of a fistula is an abnormal drainage, often pus, but it also may resemble stool. The treatment is surgical to remove the connection.
Gallbladder
;the reservoir for the bile; it is a conical or pear-shaped
musculo-membranous sac, lodged in a fossa on the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, It is about four inches in length, one inch in breadth at its widest part. It is divided into a fundus, body, and neck. The fundus or broad extremity, is directed downward, forward, and to the right, and projects beyond the anterior border of the liver; the body and neck are directed upward and backward to the left. The upper surface of the gall-bladder is attached to the liver by connective tissue and vessels.
A membranous sac closely connected by various ducts to the liver, in which excess gall, or bile, is stored and concentrated
Ganglionic cells a mass of nerve cells serving as a center from which nerve impulses are transmitted ,
Glomerulus any cluster or structure of blood vessels or nerves; esp., any of the tiny clusters of capillaries in the kidney which act as filters, initiating the formation of urine
Glucagon a hormone formed in the pancreas, or certain cells, that increases the concentration of blood sugar and opposes the action of insulin
Granulation grainy growth of new tissue which may appear on raw skin around the stoma.
Hartmann's pouch Patients with acute disease who require emergency surgery and patients with chronic disease who do not have access to larger medical centers may be best served with a three-stage approach. In such cases the initial procedure usually involves only the abdominal colectomy with Hartmann's pouch or mucous fistula and a temporary ileostomy; thus the diseased colon is removed, and the fecal stream is diverted. Because anorectal continence structures are left intact, the patient is able to recover from the operation and illness and consider surgical options to be conducted at a later date.
Haustrations ; formed of or divided into saccules or a series of saclike expansions
Hematuria ;the presence of red blood cells in the urine
Hemorrhoids are dilated veins that occur in the rectum. Hemorrhoids usually cause no symptoms and require no treatment. Occasionally, a blood clot or thrombosis develops in the hemorrhoid, but this usually is treated by a sitz bath (sitting in warm water with the legs out) or suppositories. Surgical removal of the thrombosed hemorrhoid occasionally is necessary. Surgery also may be performed if the ring of hemorrhoids becomes large and bulky. The other problem caused by hemorrhoids is bleeding. Repeated bleeding may be an indication for surgical treatment. I
Hernia the protrusion (bulging) of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through a structure which usually contains it. Hernia (abdominal) / the protrusion of an internal organ through the abdominal musculature; can occur around stomas. Ileal Contents / waste matter from the ileum (small intestine). Also referred to as intestinal contents, discharge, drainage, body waste, stool, feces.
Hormone ; substance formed in some organ of the body, as the adrenal glands, the pituitary, etc., and carried by a body fluid to another organ or tissue, where it has a specific effect: now often prepared synthetically
Hyperkalemia ; A jejunal urinary conduit may result in hyperkalemia , hyponatremia, and hypochioremia electrolyte disturbances.
ileal . Pertaining to the ileum or lower part of the small intestine.
Ileal Conduit (Bladder) A surgical procedure performed when the bladder must be removed or bypassed. The conduit is constructed by separating about a six-inch segment of the lower ileum with blood supply intact (the ileum is, of course, reconnected), and implanting into it the ureters, which have been detached from the bladder. (may be performed with a segment of the colon, in which case it is known as a uretero-colostomy.) One end of the segment of ileum is closed; the other end is brought through the abdominal wall to form the stoma, usually on the lower right abdomen. this empties urine only. It is also known as an "ileal loop," "wet ileostomy," or "uretero-ileostomy." An appliance (collection device which is a plastic or rubber bag) must be worn at all times to catch urine and control odor.
Ileitis . Inflammation of ileum, also called regional ileitis, Crohn's disease, and regional enteritis.
Ileocecal pouch IThe ileocecal pouches are modifications of the original Gilchrist procedure of the 1950s. The most common of these ileocecal pouches is the Indiana pouch. The Indiana reservoir is constructed from approximately 20 cm of cecum and 15 cm of terminal ileum. Another segment of bowel (either ileum or colon) is resected to use as a patch . The distal portion of the ileum is anastomosed to the colon to reestablish bowel continuity. Continence is maintained both by the ileocecal valve and by the remaining length of ileum, which is plicated (pleated or made smaller) to create a long outflow tract and stoma. The reservoir itself can be positioned in the pelvis or in the abdomen. For an abdominal reservoir the plicated ileum is brought through the abdominal wall and a stoma is created
lleo-Cecal Valve . A lower pressure valve junction of ileum and cecum tending to direct intestinal flow in normal directions.
Ileostomy an opening of the ileum in which the end of the small intestine (ileum) is brought out surgically through an opening in the abdomen. Intestinal contents are expelled through the body through this opening.
Ileum Lowest part or end of the small intestine. The ileum so called from the Greek word to twist, on account of its numerous coils and convolutions. Jejunum and Ileum.The portion of the small intestine from the termination of the duodenum is named Jejunum and ileum ; the former term being given to the upper two-fifths and the latter to the remaining three-fifths. There is no logical line of distinction between the two, and the division is arbitrary; but at the same time it must be noted that the character of the intestine gradually under-goes a change from the commencement of the jejunum to the termination of the ileum, so that a portion of the bowel taken from these two situations would present characteristic and marked differences. The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior abdominal in a way which allows the freest motion, so that each coil can accommodate itself to changes in form and position.
Ileus ;an abnormal condition caused by paralysis or obstruction of the intestines and resulting in the failure of intestinal contents to pass through properly
Imperforated Anus may be a partial or complete blockage of the waste material's final passageway to the outside. It is discovered soon after birth. The infant may be unable to pass stools normally, and may have an enlarged abdomen and the crampy pain associated with colic. If the problem is only narrowing, daily dilatation may enlarge the rectum to the proper dimension. If the normal passage has not formed or is blocked, an operation will be necessary.
Impotence . Lack of power in the male to perform sexual intercourse
Incontinence . The inability to control the discharge of the urine or feces.
Indiana pouch ; See Ileocecal pouch
Inflamatory Bowel Disease (IBD) general term for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease.Inflammatory bowel disease is a general term for inflammation of the lining cells of the colon. Causes include infection, types of dysentery, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and certain parasites. However, the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease are those whose cause is unknown. There are two distinct types, Crohn's colitis (granulomatous colitis or regional enterocolitis) and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's colitis is the same basic disease as regional enteritis, except that it occurs in the colon. Chronic ulcerative colitis is characterized by recurrent bouts of rectal bleeding usually associated with diarrhea. If disease is limited to a few centimeters of the rectum, it is termed ulcerative proctitis. More extensive disease may include the entire colon. The diagnosis usually is made by proctoscopic examination. In ulcerative colitis, the rectum almost always is involved. A colonoscope may be used to determine the extent of the disease and to assess the risk of cancer. Some persons with proctitis can be treated with medicated enemas. When medication is needed, it usually is sulfasalazine. Cortisonelike drugs may be added. Surgery ordinarily is considered in cases of toxic megacolon, when severe symptoms fail to respond to medical treatment, or in long-standing disease with precancerous changes. The entire colon then must be removed and the ileum attached to the skin (ileostomy) for emptying intestinal contents into a bag.
Insulin ; 1 a protein hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans, in the pancreas, which helps the body use sugar and other carbohydrates 2 a preparation extracted from the pancreas of sheep, oxen, etc. and used hypodermically in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Intestinal villi ;The villi are significant structures of the mucosal layer of the small intestine. They are fingerlike projections, 0.5 to 1 mm in length, that cover the mucosal surface and increase its absorptive area. Each villus contains a capillary network, a lymphatic vessel, and smooth musclefibers. The villi are covered with absorptive cells that have cytoplasmic extensions known as microvilli; the microvilli serve to further increase the absorptive surface. The total increase in absorptive surface provided by the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli is about 600-fold.' The microvilli form what is known as the brush border; the cells that make up the brush border contain many enzymes and carrier substances that facilitate the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Enzymes present in the brush border include peptidases, disaccharidases, and nucleases. The villi actually have the ability to elongate, or hypertrophy, which partially explains the phenomenon of bowel adaptation after partial bowel resection. The converse is also true; patients maintained on a regimen of nothing by mouth (NPO) for more than a few days may have temporary atrophy of the villi, with resultant loss of absorptive capacity.
Irrigation an enema through the stoma, taken by some colstomates at regular intervals to regulate passage of stool. Washing of a wound or a cavity using a stream of water. An enema.Colostomies are often managed by "irrigation"; the term is used here in the sense of an enema; the water distends the bowel and causes peristalsis which expells wastes.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome is the most common diagnosis made in a gastroenterology clinic. The condition causes substantial suffering and loss of work, yet is poorly understood. Most often, the person complains of pain in the lower abdomen. There frequently is a pattern of disordered bowel movements. Some patients complain of constipation, others of diarrhea; most have alternating constipation and diarrhea. The disorder often begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. Tension, anxiety, and worry may contribute, but it is not a "psychological disorder," because objective changes in colon activity can be found. A surprising number of people with irritable bowel symptoms improve substantially when they learn that their pain does not represent cancer or some other feared disease. Often, a doctor will suggest that the patient follow a diet high in fiber, and may suggest that he or she supplement it by adding bran or other fiber. Drugs to quiet the bowel's spasms sometimes are prescribed.
Ischemic ;a lack of blood supply in an organ or tissue
Jejunum and Ileum.The portion of the small intestine from the termination of the duodenum is named Jejunum and ileum ; the former term being given to the upper two-fifths and the latter to the remaining three-fifths. There is no logical line of distinction between the two, and the division is arbitrary; but at the same time it must be noted that the character of the intestine gradually under-goes a change from the commencement of the jejunum to the termination of the ileum, so that a portion of the bowel taken from these two situations would present characteristic and marked differences. The jejunum, derives its name from the Latin word jejunus (empty):
Jejunal urinary conduit ;The jejunum is rarely used for conduit construction because its highly absorptive surface increases the risk of urine reabsorption and resultant electrolyte imbalances. The jejunal conduit syndrome is an electrolyte disturbance reported with use of jejunal segments. It is characterized by azotemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypochioremia, and acidosis and occurs because the jejunal mucosa tends to reabsorb potassium and urea while secreting sodium, chloride, and water into the conduit. This disturbance is particularly common in the patient with compromised renal function, which causes an inability to compensate by renal excretion of potassium and reabsorption of sodium. Because of the potential for long-term electrolyte disturbances, the jejunum is used only when other bowel segments are unavailable, as in the case of radiarion damage that affects the ileum and in diverticular disease that prohibits the use of colonic sections.
Jejunostomy ;Jejunostomy function usually begins within the first 48 hours after surgery, and the effluent initially is watery, clear, and dark green. Because the volume of output may approach 2400 ml in 24 hours, the patient should be closely monitored for signs of electrolyte imbalance. In addition, the absorption of nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes may be radically reduced in the patient with a jejunostomy; absorptive capacity depends on the length and function of the proximal bowel. Therefore nutritional maintenance with hyperalimentation is not uncommon.
Juvenile polyposis syndromes (JPS) consist of hamartomatous polyps typically in the rectum; polyps also may be present in the colon and, less commonly, in the stomach and small intestine. JPS have been described in both children and adults. Rectal bleeding and malnutrition are common symptoms.
Karaya Gum Powder. A water soluble, gummy powder used for healing or preventing excoriated or irritated skin.
Karaya Gum Washer . Gelatinous form of karaya gum powder made in flat rings.
Kidney ; either of a pair of glandular organs in the upper abdominal cavity , which separate water and waste products of metabolism from the blood and excrete them as urine through the bladder
Kock continent ileostomy ; The operation usually takes 3 to 4 hours. An abdominal colectomy, proctectomy, ileal pouch construction with continent nipple valve, and permanent ileostomy are performed.
Kock urinary reservoir ; The Kock urinary reservoir was developed as a variation of the Kock continent ileostomy. To construct a reservoir, which is located in the abdominal cavity, 60 to 80 cm of ileum is used. As with the Kock continent ileostomy, the continence mechanism at the stoma site is achieved by an intussuscepted nipple valve. A second nipple valve is constructed at the other end of ileum and the ureters implanted; this second valve is intended to prevent reflux into the ureters
Large Intestine , or colon, forms a nearly rectangular shape around the perimeter of the abdomen. It begins where the ileum of the small intestine empties into the cecum. Contents then move upward through the ascending colon, make a 90-degree turn at the hepatic flexure,travel across the transverse colon, turn again at the splenic flexure, and move through the descending colon to the S shaped sigmoid colon to the rectum. En route, the quart of material from the small intestine is reduced and compacted to about one-fourth pound of daily stool
Leukocytosis; an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood: it is a normal response to pregnancy and is found in certain intoxications and in many infections and cases of inflammation
Liver; the largest glandular organ in the body, located in the upper or anterior part of the abdomen: it secretes bile, has an important function in the storage and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and helps detoxify many poisonous substances that may be ingested . The liver is divided into the right lobe and left lobe. Six times larger than the left lobe, the right lobe has three sections, while the left lobe has two sections
Loop colostomy; Loop Colostomy. The most common type of colostomy is a loop colostomy. Loop colostomies usually are constructed in the transverse colon, although other segments of the colon also can be brought out as a loop . A loop colostomy is usually temporary; it is commonly constructed when diversion is needed and a minimal surgical procedure is desired (e.g., in the presence of colon obstruction or diverticular abscess formation).
Loop ileostomy
; A loop ileostomy is usually temporary and is positioned at the same site as
the end ileostomy. The exit wound through the abdominal wall is constructed in
the same manner as the end ileostomy.
A loop ileostomy is most commonly constructed to provide temporary diversion
after the ileal reservoir procedure. A loop ileostomy may also be perfotrmed
to provide proximal diversion for the patient with an obstructing lesion in the
ascending colon.
Loop stomas ; A loop stoma is constructed by bringing a loop of bowel to the abdominal surface and then opening the anterior wall of the bowel to provide fecal diversion . The loop of bowel may be opened either transversely or longitudinally. This results in one stoma with a proximal and distal opening and an intact posterior wall that separates the two openings. A loop stoma usually is temporary.
Loop ureterostomy ;A loop ureterostomy is constructed by mobilizing the ureter and bringing a loop of the ureter to the skin surface; the loop is supported at the skin level by a full-thickness V-shaped skin flap. The anterior wall of the ureter is then opened and sutured to the skin.
Lumen . The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. The channel of the intestines through which the body's wastes flow.
Malignancy the condition of being dangerous; a cancerous growth.
MalignanTumors The cause of colon cancer, as with many cancers, is unknown. Some evidence suggests that the American diet plays an important role, but there is no reason to think that colon cancer has only one cause. The location of colon cancer often determines its symptoms. Cecal cancers often produce only vague symptoms, such as weakness, weight loss, and vague abdominal pam. They do not obstruct the flow of colonic contents because the contents are liquid and can pass through even a narrowed space with relative ease. Cecal cancers often bleed intermittently. Colon cancers that occur in the sigmoid colon closer to the rectum are more likely to obstruct the passage of stool. They also are more likely to bleed, and therefore give earlier warning of their presence. Most cancers occur in the sigmoid or descending colon. The treatment of most colon cancers is surgical. When the tumor is limited to the lining of the colon, the survival rate after surgery is 70 to 80 percent (without tumor recurrence) five years later. More extensive tumor invasion produces a much lower five-year survival rate. When the tumor occurs close to the rectum, the surgeon must remove the rectum as well as the tumor. This requires the patient to have a colostomy, in which a loop of bowel is brought through the skin of the abdomen. Stool passes through the loop and is collected in a bag for disposal. Most cancer that occurs higher up in the colon can be removed and the ends of the colon reattached. These patients will not require a colostomy and have normal bowel function afterward.
Maturation . The stage or process of becoming mature. In referring to a stoma it means eversion (turning inside out) of the intestine so that the end is turned over, leaving the inner lining exposed.
Meconium ;the greenish fecal matter in a fetus, forming the first bowel movement of a newborn infant
Megaureter
; is more common in males than in females, generally occurs bilaterally. The
cause appears to be an abnormality in the function of muscle fibers in the
distal ureter, and the result is a failure to propel urine down the ureter.
Obstruction of the ureters seldom is found; it is the absence of peristalsis
that produces a functional obstruction in the segment involved. Because
megaureter typically is the result of obstruction at the ureterovesicle
junction, proximal ureters become dilated .
Clinical symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and hematuna. Stones may be
present as a result of urinary stasis. .
Surgery usually is required for treatment. Because the ureter tends to be wide,
it must be tapered and reimplanted into the bladder. Results generally are
good, but close follow-up is essential to rule out reobstruction.
Meissner's plexus
; See Intramural Plexur
Melanin ;a brownish-black pigment found in skin, hair.
Melanosis coli ; The viable stoma that appears buff to dark brown or black may be the result either of fecal stasis or of the overuse of anthracene-containing cathartics or both. Additional anthracene agents that, when used excessively, may cause bowel pigmentation are sagrada, senna, aloe, rhubarb, and frangula.
Mesentery ; a supporting membrane or membranes enfolding some internal organ and attaching it either to the body wall or to another organ; esp., a double thickness of the peritoneum enfolding most of the small intestine and attaching it to the spinal wall of the abdominal cavity.
Metastasis . Transfer of disease from one organ or part of the body to another, i.e., the cancer metastasized.
Metronidazole ;a synthetic drug, used to treat bacterial or protozoan infections, esp. amebiasis and trichomoniasis
Motility motion, the ability to move. In digestion, it refers to movement of food through the alimentary system.
Mucous Fistula An opening to the outside leading from a defunctionalized or bypassed segment of the small or large intestine. It is produced surgically and most frequently represents the lower end of the remaining colon and rectum after most of the colon has been removed resulting in an ileostomy or transverse colostomy. In a double-barrel colostomy, for instance, the non-functioning stoma represents a mucous fistula. the mucous fistula is not connected with the fecal stream. The non-functional stoma may be near or far from the functional stoma.
Mucus fluid secreted from glands or cells. It lubricates membranes, including digestive tract.
Muscularis ; The four layers of the intestinal wall, from inside to outside:
Mycosis fungoides is Cutaneou T-cell lymphoma. It is not as the name implies fungal in origin. Cultaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) includes not only mycosis fungoides but Sezary syndrome, lymphoma cutis and recticulum carcinoma of the skin.
Myelomeningocele ; occurs when the vertebral arches fail to fuse in the midline and thus fail to encase the spinal cord in its usual position. Depending on the degree of severity, this failure to encase the spinal cord allows the cord to protrude out of the spinal column. A variety of musculoskeletal and neurologic defects may accompany this anomaly. Archaeologists have used myelomeningocele to assess the degree of advancement of civilizations. Myelomeningocele in the skeletons of older children or adults is interpreted as indicating that the society had advanced to the point of caring for their disabled citizens.
Necrosis ; the death or decay of tissue in a particular part of the body, as from loss of blood supply, burning, etc.
Neonate; a newly-born individual, esp. an infant during its first month of life
Nephrostomy is a surgical formation of an opening directly into a kidney. It is similar to the ureterostomy except that the urine drains directly from the kidney (without passing through the ureter or bladder) to the outside through an opening in back or flank of the body. In some cases only one kidney is involved. It is usually temporary. The nephrostomy is usually drained by a tube (catheter) which emerges to the outside and empties into a receptacle. A surgical procedure of constructing a colostomy into which the ureters are implanted so that both urine and feces are discharged from the same stoma. Done where the bladder had to be removed or does not function and a colostomy must be performed also. Note: It is possible to have at the same time both a urinary ostomy and an ileostomy, or both a urinary ostomy and a colostomy.
Nephrostomy tube ; a tube diversion of the renal pelvis; this procedure involves insertion of a tube through the flank into the renal pelvis . Most commonly this procedure is performed percutaneously with radiologic guidance and the patient under local anesthesia; it can also be performed as an open procedure with administration of general anesthesia. Common complications after nephrostomy tube insertion are hemorrhage, obstruction,
Obstruction blockage of ileostomy indicated by partial or complete stoppage of ileal flow. Blockage or clogging of an organ, resulting in loss of flow through the area and building up of back pressure. In an ostomy can be caused by impaction of fecal material, collapse of organ, or tightening around organ caused by adhesions or growing in of abdominal muscles where stoma comes through. See Stenosis.
Osteoma; a tumor composed of bony tissue
Omentum; a free fold of the peritoneum connecting the stomach and certain other visceral organs: the greater omentum covers the stomach and intestines like an apron over their anterior surfaces, while the lesser omentum forms a partial covering of the stomach and common bile duct
Osteoma; a tumor composed of bony tissue
Ostomate one name for the person who has a colostomy, ileostomy, or urostomy.
Ostomy surgically created opening in the body. Refers to ileostomies, colostoinies, and urostomies. Also referred to as stoma.
Ostomy Visitor person with an ostomy, member of United Ostomy Assodation, with spedal training to visit people before or shortly after ostomy surgery. The visitor offers support and educational advice rather than medical information.